Evaluation of the energy and environmental footprint of the global PV module production, using life cycle analysis (LCA)

Abstract

The rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) technology has established it as a key player in global renewable energy production. However, the environmental impact associated with the production of PV modules warrants careful analysis. This study aims to assess the emissions generated during the manufacturing process of PV modules, focusing on three major production countries: Europe, the United States, and China. To achieve this objective, the electricity mixes as well as the greenhouse gas emission intensity of the countries were evaluated, considering the various sources used for electricity generation. By analyzing the energy mixes and by using European Union's life cycle analysis for photovoltaic modules and various datasheets, we gained insights into the emissions from diesel combustion, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), and energy consumption associated with PV module production. The data encompassed the entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to the final product. The findings revealed significant variations in emissions profiles among the production countries. Europe demonstrated a lower carbon footprint due to a higher utilization of renewable energy sources in the manufacturing process. Conversely, the United States exhibited moderate emissions, influenced by a mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. China, while a dominant producer, displayed higher emissions, primarily driven by a greater reliance on coal-fired power plants. Overall, this thesis seeks to shed light on the environmental implications of PV module production, offering a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing their sustainability. Through rigorous analysis and exploration of potential solutions, it aspires to contribute to the broader goal of transitioning towards a greener and more sustainable energy future.