Συσχέτιση των γενετικών παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν το μεταβολισμό του καφέ σε συνάρτηση με τη γενετική προδιάθεση παχυσαρκίας, τις ορμόνες όρεξης και το σωματικό βάρος

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between coffee consumption and the effect of caffeine on hunger and satiety in relation to genetic characteristics of caffeine metabolism and the genetic background of obesity.

Methods: Eighteen volunteers participated in two study protocols with scheduled meals, which included (a) a coffee trial and (b) a water trial (placebo – control group), conducted in a crossover design with a 7-day interval. Participants arrived at the laboratory in a fasted state in the morning and consumed a standardized breakfast snack along with one of the two experimental beverages. The snack consisted of 1 slice of white bread, 5 g of butter, and 10 g of white sugar, providing 142 kcal (6.5% of energy from protein, 62.5% from carbohydrates, and 31.0% from fats). The experimental beverages were either (a) 200 mL of filter coffee providing 5 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight, or (b) 200 mL of water as a control. Volunteers were required to consume the standardized meal and the beverage within 5 minutes. After a 3-hour period, participants were offered an ad libitum buffet-style lunch comprising typical Greek dietary foods (pasta, tomato sauce, beef, salad, cheese, yogurt, fruits, and juice). They consumed as much food as they desired until feeling satiated, within 30 minutes. Food intake was recorded in detail by a registered dietitian (RD). Blood samples were collected from each participant at two time points during the intervention study: immediately before consuming the breakfast with water or coffee, and before starting the lunch, with hormone levels measured. Additionally, participants completed questionnaires on diet, coffee consumption, appetite, satiety, physical activity, education, lifestyle, and medication, and provided informed consent. Oral swabs were collected from all volunteers, and their anthropometric characteristics (weight, height) were measured. On the following day, a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted via telephone to assess the participants' food intake for the remainder of the intervention day.

Results: Coffee consumption was higher in fast caffeine metabolizers compared to slow metabolizers (p = 0.04 after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI). Coffee consumption led to decreased hunger and fat intake (p for interaction of rs762551 genotype * coffee consumption = 0.013, 0.031 respectively) compared to slow/intermediate caffeine metabolizers. There was a differential association between rs762551 genotype, coffee consumption, and BMI only for individuals with increased genetic obesity risk (BMI =0.030kg/m2 for fast caffeine metabolizers with a frequency of coffee consumption of 14 cups weekly). Regarding appetite hormones, in the group of fast caffeine metabolizers, ghrelin levels significantly decreased after coffee consumption (p=0.023).

Conclusions: The polymorphism of CYP1A2 rs762551 affects the way daily coffee consumption is associated with body mass index (BMI), affecting appetite, macronutrient intake, as well as ghrelin levels.